Biology Second Semester

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Chapter 10:  Mendel and Meiosis

1.       Concerning Mendel:

1. What plants did he study and where did he do his work?

2. Why was it significant that he kept records as numerical data?

3. What was his contribution to science?

4. When he did monohybrid crosses of pure-bred parents, what always occurred in the F1  and F2?

2.       Define these terms:

3.       Explain these ideas:

1. Rule of Unit Factors

2. Rule of Dominance

3. Law of Segregation

4. Law of Independent Assortment

4.       Problem:  One parent is homozygous for a certain trait, and the other is heterozygous.  What fraction of their offspring would you expect to be heterozygous?  Don’t be concerned about phenotypes.

5.       Problem:  In peas, round seeds are dominant to wrinkled.

1. Write the genotype for a homozygous round __; a heterozygous round __.

2. Show a cross between the two peas in part a. and tell the phenotype ratio of their offspring.

3. What is the probability that an offspring from these parents would have wrinkled seeds?

4. Is this a monohybrid or a dihybrid cross?  Why?

6.       Problem:  In guinea pigs, rough coat is dominant to smooth and black coat is dominant to albino.

A heterozygous black, smooth-coated male is bred to a black, rough-coated female that is heterozygous for both traits.

1. What are the genotypes of the parents?

2. Show the possible gametes produced by each parent.

3. Is this a monohybrid or a dihybrid cross?  Why?

4. What is the probability that their next baby will be black and smooth?

7.       Concerning meiosis:

1. What is the point of meiosis?

2. Which cells carry on meiosis?

3. If the parent is diploid, then the gametes are __.  This is a good plan because ...

4. **The first division of meiosis reduces the total chromosome number by half.

**The second division of meiosis splits double-stranded chromosomes apart.

8.       Define these terms:

9.       Why is genetic recombination and genetic variation important?

10.   How does crossing over contribute to variation?

11.   What happens in nondisjunction?  What is the result?

PKU

1.  What causes PKU?  What are the symptoms?

2.  How is PKU treated?

3.  How is PKU inherited?  Be prepared to solve problems involving PKU.

Hemophilia

1.  What causes hemophilia?  What are the symptoms?

2.  How is hemophilia treated?

3.  How is hemophilia inherited?  Be prepared to solve problems involving hemophilia.

4.  Why is hemophilia more common in boys?  Why do boys get hemophilia from their mothers?

Chapter 12:  Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics

1.       What is a pedigree?

2.       Draw a pedigree that shows parents, grandparents, and three children (a son and two daughters).  In addition, the mother has two sisters and the father has a brother.  Now indicate that the grandmother on the mother’s side had a simple recessive disease like Tay-Sachs or Fragile X.  The mother is a carrier.  What is the probability that her son is also a carrier?  Why?  What about her daughter?

3.       Draw a pedigree that shows parents, a son, and a daughter.  The father has a simple dominant trait called Huntington’s disease. 

1.  Is he homozygous or heterozygous?  Explain your answer.
2. If he is heterozygous, will his children have the disease?  Explain.

4.       a.  Explain what codominance is and what the results of codominance are.

b.  Name two traits that show codominance.

5.       a.  Explain multiple alleles in relation to blood type.

b.  What is the actual difference between Type A blood and Type O blood?

c.  What possible genotypes might a person with Type A blood have?  Type O?  Type AB?

6.       What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?  How many of each do we have?

7.       What are the sex chromosomes for human males?  human females?

8.       Where are the genes found for sex-linked traits?              

9.       a.  Describe how incomplete dominance affects heterozygous individuals.

b.  Name several traits that exhibit incomplete dominance.

10.   Give examples of environmental conditions that make affect the phenotype of plants.  of animals.

11.   Explain why the mother’s habits of drinking alcohol or smoking are environmental conditions for the fetus.

12.   Problem:  Sickle cell anemia is a codominant trait in humans.

1. What is the genotype of a person who is heterozygous for sickle cell?
2. What is the condition of a person who is heterozygous for sickle cell?
3. If this person has children with another person who does not have any genes for sickle cell, what is the expected phenotype ratio among their children?

13.   Problem:  Two parents that are blood Type A and blood Type B have a daughter who is Type A and a son who is Type O.  Show a cross or a pedigree that illustrates everyone’s genotypes.

14.   Problem:  You have Type A blood and I have Type O blood.  Can I donate blood to you?  Explain.        Which one of us is definitely homozygous? 

15.   Problem:  Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait in humans.  A normal female with no gene for hemophilia and a male with hemophilia have one son. 

1.  What is the probability that the son has hemophilia?
2. Why is hemophilia extremely rare in females?
3. When a son has hemophilia, which parent gave him the gene?  Explain.
4. When a daughter carries the gene for hemophilia, which parent gave her the gene?  Explain.

16.   What is a karyotype?  What can it reveal?  How can you make one?

17.   What causes Down Syndrome?  What medical problems can it cause? 

Alcohol related disorders

1.       Why do alcohol abusers tend to have shorter life spans?  (2 answers)

2.       What is the treatment for alcoholism?

3.       How does a parent’s alcohol abuse impact the rest of the family?

4.       Why does the genetics counselor ask about the mother’s alcohol use?  Be specific.

5.       Describe the conditions cleft lip and cleft palate.  What problems can they cause, and how can they be treated?

Advanced maternal age and pregnancy

1.       Which genetic disorders are more likely when the mother is older?

2.       Why is the mother’s age a factor?

Prenatal diagnostic procedures

1.       What are some good reasons for having prenatal diagnostic procedures?

2.       How do chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis differ from ultrasound?

3.       When might CVS and amniocentesis be more useful than ultrasound?

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

1.       What problem does the body have when a person has FH?  What could happen to them?

2.       What common-sense instructions does a doctor give to a person with FH?

Fragile X  
What is the main consequence of having Fragile X?

Chapter 11:  DNA and Genes

1.       Concerning DNA structure:

1. What are the basic building blocks of DNA?
2. These building blocks each have three main parts:
3. Name the four nitrogen bases in DNA and tell how they pair up.
4. If one side of the DNA says, “ A A C G T T “, then what does the other side say?
5. Who uncovered the structure of DNA?  What did they find out?
6. Which parts of the DNA make up the “rungs of the ladder”?  the sides?

2.       How is DNA important to all living things?  Be specific.

3.       Concerning DNA replication:

1. When do cells copy their DNA?
2. What is the role of enzymes in this process?
3. Where do the “spare parts” come from?
4. List the series of events that occur.
5. What is the result of replication?  Why are the two new molecules just like the first?

4.       Concerning RNA:

1. When is RNA made?
2. How is RNA different than DNA?  (3 answers)
3. What does mRNA do?
4. What does tRNA do?

5.       Concerning protein synthesis:

1. What is protein synthesis?
2. Where does it happen?
3. How do the instructions get from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis?
4. If a part of a gene says, “ A A C G T T”, then what mRNA is copied from it?
5. Why can the DNA’s gene be used many, many times?
6. What are the building blocks of proteins?  How many kinds of these are there?
7. What are codons?  anticodons?
8. Complete these statements:  “mRNA is made in the nucleus, then it goes to the (1) where (2) fasten onto the mRNA strand.  In the cytoplasm are many molecules of tRNA.  The job of tRNA is to bring the correct (3) to the ribosome where the protein is being built.  So one end of the tRNA picks up a (4) from the cytoplasm, and the other end of the tRNA has a three-letter match called a (5) for one of mRNA’s three-letter codons.  The chain of amino acids forms a specific shape, and that makes the (6) molecule.

6.       Concerning mutations:

1. What is a mutation?
2. What are some common mutagens?

7.       Concerning DNA extraction:

1. We extracted DNA from two different materials: __ and __.
2. We used meat tenderizer, hot water, and detergent to:
3. We used ice cold alcohol to:

DNA paternity testing

1.       What sources of DNA can be used for paternity testing?

2.       Why is DNA analysis so much more specific than blood testing?

3.       What cells may be used as a source for the DNA?

4.       What is electrophoresis?

Wisconsin Fast Plants

1.       What was the point of doing the activity with the FastPlants?

2.       How did we cross-pollinate the plants?

3.       What characteristics did we study?

4.       What did we discover as a result of the activity?

5.       Why are FastPlants useful to genetic studies?

Chapter 13:  Genetic Technology

1.       What is recombinant DNA?

2.       What is the point of giving bacteria different genes through recombinant DNA technology?

3.       What is gene therapy?

4.       What might be the future of gene therapy?

5.       What vector is used to deliver the selected gene to the recipient?

Chapter 15:  The Theory of Evolution

1.        Concerning Charles Darwin:

1. Was Darwin the first to think of the idea of evolution?  Explain.
2. How did Darwin happen to go on the H.M.S. Beagle?
3. Where did the Beagle travel?  Why did Darwin get to see so much more coastline than others?
4. What did Darwin find to be especially interesting in the Galapagos Islands?
5. Where had the Galapagos creatures probably come from?
6. What did Darwin do when he returned to England?
7. Why didn’t Darwin publish his findings for many years?  Why did he finally publish them?

2.        Define artificial selection and give an example.

3.        Define natural selection and give an example.

4.       Why is variation among offspring essential to the theory of natural selection?

5.       Why does natural selection cause faster changes when the environment changes?

6.       What is an adaptation?

7.       Define the following and tell how they give evidence that supports evolution.

1. mimicry and camouflage
2. fossils
3. homologous structures
4. analogous structures
5. vestigial structures
6. embryology

8.       How do today’s scientists use biochemistry to study evolutionary relationships?

9.       Define these terms and use them correctly:

10.   How do mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow affect genetic equilibrium?

11.   Give examples of stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.

12.   Which type of selection favors the average individuals?  Which selects against the average individuals?

13.   What is speciation?

14.   How do these circumstances lead to speciation?

1. geographic isolation
2. reproductive isolation

15.   Explain adaptive radiation (divergent evolution) and its results.

16.   Explain convergent evolution and its results.

Chapter 21  What Is a Plant?

1.       What are the characteristics of plants?  (5)

2.       Scientists think that plants arose from green algae.  What are the reasons for this connection?

3.       All plants have alternation of generations. What are the two generations called? How does each reproduce?

4.       Plants are all in Kingdom __.

5.       Name the plants that are in each of these divisions:

Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Sphenophyta, Pterophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta.

6.       Which plant divisions or groups:

a.  make seeds    b.  have vascular tissue   c.  make seeds in cones     d.  have flowers    e. are nonvascular

7.       Explain how plants are related to many of our medicines.  Be specific.

Chapter 22:  The Diversity of Plants

1.       What limitations do nonvascular plants have     a.  in size        b.  in habitat?

2.       Concerning mosses:

1. Which generation of mosses do we usually see?
2. What structures do mosses use to anchor themselves to the soil?
3. What habitat do mosses require?
4. Be prepared to recognize and label sporophyte, gametophyte, rhizoids. 
5. Explain the life cycle of a moss.

3.       Concerning liverworts:

1. Be prepared to recognize liverworts.
2. What habitat do liverworts require?

4.       Concerning horsetails:

1. Be prepared to recognize horsetails.
2. What is the main advancement of horsetails over liverworts and mosses?

5.       Concerning ferns:

1. Be prepared to identify fern sporophyte, gametophyte, sorus, frond, fiddlehead, rhizome.
2. Explain the life cycle of a fern.

6.       What advantages do seeds provide?

Chapter 23:  Plant Structure and Function

1.       Name the four kinds of plant tissues and state their functions.

2.       Be prepared to recognize diagrams or photos of the four plant tissues.

3.       What is the difference between guard cells and stomata?  What is their function in the plant?

4.       How does the design of xylem fit its function? 

5.       What are the differences between the structure of xylem and the structure of phloem?

6.       What is the function of xylem?  How does it work?  How is transpiration important in this process?

7.       What is the function of phloem?  How does it work?

8.       What is a source?  a sink?

9.       Where is apical meristem found in a plant?

10.   Secondary growth is accomplished by the cambium.  What does vascular cambium make?

11.   Concerning roots:

1. What are the main functions of roots?
2. Sketch and label a cross section of a monocot root; a dicot root
3. What is the function of the endodermis?  the cortex?  the pericycle?
4. How is the structure of a root hair related to its function?
5. Why do root tips need to have root caps?
6. Be prepared to identify taproots and fibrous root systems.

12.   Concerning stems:

1. What are the main functions of stems?
2. Name some stems that are adapted to store food.  Give examples.
3. Sketch and label a cross section of a monocot stem; a dicot stem.
4. What is a vascular bundle? 

13.   Concerning leaves:

1. What is the main function of a leaf?  How is it adapted to carry out this function?
2. Be prepared to label:  blade, petiole, simple leaf, compound leaf, alternate, opposite, whorled leaves.
3. Sketch and label a cross-section of a monocot leaf and a dicot leaf.
4. What is the function of the mesophyll?  cuticle?  epidermis?  air spaces?  vascular bundles?
5. Why are guard cells and stomata essential for the leaf’s business of conducting photosynthesis?
6. When are stomata open?  Why?
7. When you look at a whole leaf, how is the vein pattern of a monocot different than the pattern of a dicot?

14.   Concerning plant hormones:

1. What is a hormone?
2. Name several effects that hormones have on plants.
3. Explain how homeowners, farmers, orchard owners might use hormones.

15.   Concerning plant responses:

1. What is positive phototropism?  What plant parts exhibit this response?
2. What is positive gravitropism?  What plant part exhibits this response?
3. What is positive thigmotropism?  Give an example of a plant that uses this response.

16.   Concerning sexual reproduction in flowering plants:

1. Sketch and label:  sepals, petals, stamens, pistil.
2. Sketch and label:  stigma, style, ovary, ovule.
3. Define pollination and list some common pollinators.
4. What happens after pollination?  Mention the pollen tube, ovule, and nuclei.
5. Which flower part becomes the seed?  the fruit?
6. What is dormancy?  Why is it a beneficial adaptation of seeds?

17.   Concerning vegetative reproduction

1. Define vegetative reproduction.
2. Explain how these plants reproduce vegetatively:  potato, strawberry, daffodil
3. Explain how people make more of their favorite plants vegetatively.  (cuttings, division, tissue culture.)

Animals

1.  Know these terms and be able to use them correctly:

2.  Describe the advances through the animal kingdom in each of these areas:

            digestion

            symmetry

            skeletal system

            nervous system

3.  Give examples of:

4.  Of the groups listed in question 3,

            a.  Which has an exoskeleton?                                         e.  Which are the earliest to have digestive

            b.  Which means “spiny skin”?                                               system with two openings?

            c.  Which have a nerve net?                                             f.  Which move with tube feet and a water

            d.  Which include segmented worms?                              vascular system?

5.  Centipedes, millipedes, insects, arachnids, crustaceans, or horseshoe crabs?

            a.  one pair of legs per body segment?              c.  six legs

            b.  eight legs                                                      d.  two pairs of legs per body segment

6.  What animal group has a muscular foot for movement?

7.  What animal group has many jointed appendages for different jobs?

     What jobs do the appendages perform?

8.  Which groups can reproduce asexually by regeneration?  Include sponges.

9.  Which group is so simple that its members have no nerves, no tissues, and no systems?

10.  Name the different kinds of vertebrates.

TF.  An octopus has excellent eyesight.

TF.  A planaria can detect light and dark.

TF.  A clam is called a bivalve; a snail is a gastropod, and a squid is a cephalopod.

TF.  Parasitic roundworms get most of the attention, but most roundworms are free-living.

TF.  All the animal phyla can reproduce sexually, but only a few can reproduce asexually.

TF.  Segmentation is an advancement because different groups of segments have different functions.

Expect questions about the main concepts of the rat dissection.